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Alcohol in Indonesia refers to alcohol industry, alcohol consumption and laws related to alcohol in South East Asian country Indonesia. Indonesia is a Muslim majority country, yet it is also a pluralist, democratic and secular nation. This social and demographic condition led to Islamic-pressure groups to push the government to restrict alcohol consumption and trade, while the government carefully consider the rights of non-Muslims and common consenting adult to consume alcohol, and estimate the possible alcohol ban effects on Indonesian tourism and economy. Currently, there are no nationwide alcohol bans being enforced in Indonesia, with the exception of Aceh, a stern Islamist autonomous province which apply sharia laws including the complete ban of alcohol. Since 2014, anyone found consumes alcohol or breaching the codes on moral conduct, whether residents or visitors to Aceh, could face between six and nine cane lashes. In other parts of Indonesia, to appease the Islamic parties and pressure groups, the government agreed to apply mild restriction measures on alcohol, which includes high taxation and limited ban. Indonesia is among the countries that apply high tax on imported alcoholic beverages; in 2015, import tax on alcohol jumped to 150%. Also in 2015, the Indonesian government banned the sale of alcohol from minimarkets and small shops, though sale was allowed in supermarkets, restaurants, bars, clubs and hotels. Nevertheless, in more cosmopolitan Indonesian cities like Jakarta, Medan and Surabaya, and also in tourism hotspots such as Bali, Yogyakarta and Batam, alcohol beverages are readily available, yet with higher prices, owing to the high tax applied upon alcoholic beverages. ==History and traditions== Since ancient times, local alcoholic beverages were developed by the natives in the archipelago. Some panels in 9th century Borobudur bas-reliefs depicted drink vendor, ''warung'' (small restaurant), and there is a panel depicting a building where people drinking (possibly alcoholic beverage), dancing and having fun, seems to describe tavern or lodging. According to a Chinese source, Yingyai Shenglan (c. 15th century) people of Java in Majapahit kingdom drank wine made from palm sap called ''tuak'' (palm wine). However, by 16th century Islam began to supplant Hinduism and Buddhism as the major religion in Indonesia. Since then, as a Muslim-majority country, Indonesian Muslims share Islamic dietary laws that prohibit alcoholic beverages. Nevertheless, the local alcohol drinking culture still survives, at least among less-religious members of society and among non-Muslim community. Certain ethno-cultural regions which predominantly Christians are known for their affinity to alcohol-drinking tradition; they are Batak, Torajan, Minahasan and Ambonese. Indonesia has its own traditional alcoholic beverages prepared by fermenting rice grain, gluten, sugar palm sap, coconuts etc. According to culinary expert William Wongso, culture of drinking distilled alcohol was never strong in Indonesia, only few regions have developed it. In Batak community in North Sumatra, ''tuak'' (palm liquor) is a compulsory drink in the celebrations and became a tradition in the community. Batak tribes are predominantly of Christian Protestant faith, yet some of its clans are Muslims. A traditional Batak bar serving ''tuak'' is called ''lapo tuak''. In Toraja lands of South Sulawesi, their version of ''tuak'' — made from fermented sugar palm sap, is called ''ballo''. In any Torajan traditional ceremonies, rituals and celebrations, ''ballo'' is always served, either as a prerequisite for the ritual; as an offering for ancestral spirits, as well as for drinks for the guests. ''Ballo'' is also commonly consumed by the neighboring Bugis ethnic group. In Minahasa region of North Sulawesi, an almost identical palm liquor also made from sugar palm sap is called ''saguer''. In Nusa Tenggara and Maluku Islands the people also drink palm wine, locally known as ''sopi''.〔 Also in Minahasa region, the people drink a highly alcoholic drink called ''cap tikus'' (lit. "rodent brand"). ''Cap tikus'' is made from distilled ''saguer'' or ''sopi'' (palm wine), which increases its alcohol content. The origin of ''cap tikus'' brand is unclear. It is suggested that circa 1820s, prior to 1830 Java War, the KNIL Minahasan legion found and bought distilled ''saguer'' or ''sopi'' sold in blue bottles embossed with the image of mouse sold by a Chinese merchant in Fort Amsterdam in Manado.〔 Today however, because of poor regulation on alcohol production in this region, this traditional home-made ''cap tikus'' industry is considered as an illegal beverage, due to high accident of mortal alcohol poisoning. Bottled ''brem bali'' (Balinese rice wine) and ''arrack'' are popular beverages in Hindu-majority island of Bali. ''Brem'' is a brownish coloured liquor with a 5% alcohol. It is also exported to Japan and China. For Balinese people it has a religious significance too. ''Brem'', ''arak'' and ''tuak'' are the required things for ''tabuhan'' (offering) to the gods. In Solo, Central Java, ''ciu'', a local adaptation of Chinese wine, made from cider molasses of sugarcane is well known. It is linked to Solo's history as sugar plantation and production center in colonial times. The Dutch Colonial state was established in Indonesia in 1800s. The colonial Dutch brought with them European drinking culture to East Indies, most prominently beer. The Heineken beer company established its brewery factory in Surabaya in 1929 during Dutch colonial rule of Indonesia.〔 〕 By 1960s, Indonesians developed their own local brands of beer, which includes Bintang Beer (nationalized from Heineken) and Anker Beer. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alcohol in Indonesia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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